Stuxnet is a malicious computer worm believed to be a jointly built American - Israeli cyber weapon . [ 1 ] Although neither state has confirmed this openly, [ 2 ] anonymous US officials speaking to the Washington Post claimed the worm was developed during the administration of Barack Obama to sabotage Iran’s nuclear program with what would seem like a long series of unfortunate accidents. [ 3 ] Stuxnet specifically targets PLCs , which allow the automation of electromechanical processes such as those used to control machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or centrifuges for separating nuclear material. Exploiting four zero-day flaws , [ 4 ] Stuxnet functions by targeting machines using the Microsoft Windows operating system and networks, then seeking out Siemens Step7 software. Stuxnet reportedly compromised Iranian PLCs, collecting information on industrial systems and causing the fast-spinning centrifuges to tear themselves apart. [ 5 ] Stuxnet’s...
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embedded system We generally say Embedded Systems means H/W + S/W. But we do not mention the percentage of H/W and S/W mix. It varies from the day Embedded System was introduced. In initial days Embedded System means 90% H/W and 10%S/W. But now a days Embedded System means 90% S/W and 10%H/W. When it comes to S/W one has to practice a lot. Practicing SW is a wonderful art. You should establish a healthy relationship with the system. This takes time. One has to have patience to wait and has be 100% genuine. In S/W, there are two approaches, Top to Bottom approach and Bottom to Top approach. Most of Electronic students take Bottom to Top approach. This was fine during the initial days of Embedded Systems. But today's Embedded Systems calls for Top to Bottom approach. There should be a change in Electronics student's approach in handling Embedded Systems. Generally Electronics s...
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