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.NET Framework .NET Framework .NET Framework component stack Developer(s) Microsoft Initial release 13 February 2002 ; 13 years ago Stable release 4.6 (4.6.00081.00) / 20 July 2015 ; 3 months ago Operating system Windows 98 or later, Windows NT 4.0 or later Type Software framework License Mixed; see § Licensing Website microsoft .com /net .NET Framework (pronounced dot net ) is a software framework developed by Microsoft that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows . It includes a large class library known as Framework Class Library (FCL) and provides language interoperability (each language can use code written in other languages) across several programming languages . Programs written for .NET Framework execute in a software environment (as contrasted to hardware environment), known as Common Language Runtime (CLR), an application virtual machine that provides services such as security, memory management , and exception handling .

A few years ago, choosing a processor was pretty straightforward. AMD and Intel each produced two series of processors, a mainstream line and a budget line. Each company used only one processor socket, and there was a limited range of processor speeds available. If you wanted an Intel processor, you might have a dozen mainstream models and a half-dozen budget models to choose among. The same was true of AMD. OEM Versus Retail-Boxed To further confuse matters, most AMD and Intel processors are available in two types of packaging, called OEM and retail-boxed. OEM processor packages include only the bare processor and usually provide only a 90-day warranty. Retail-boxed processors include the processor, a compatible CPU cooler, and a longer warranty, typically three years. A retail-boxed processor is usually the better deal. It typically costs only a few dollars more than the OEM version of the same processor, and the bundled CPU cooler is usually worth more than t

Operational amplifier A μA741 integrated circuit, one of the most successful operational amplifiers. Type Integrated Circuit Invented Karl D. Swartzel Jr. First production 1941 Pin configuration V+: non-inverting input V−: inverting input Vout: output VS+: positive power supply VS−: negative power supply The power supply pins ( V S+ and V S− ) can be labeled in different ways ( See IC power supply pins ). Often these pins are left out of the diagram for clarity, and the power configuration is described or assumed from the circuit. Electronic symbol Circuit diagram symbol for an op-amp. Pins are labeled as listed above. An operational amplifier ( op-amp ) is a DC-coupled high- gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. [ 1 ] In this configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the